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Terrie Nault; Good morning and welcome to another edition of Nevada Weekly. I'm Terrie Nault with
John Marschall. John, how are you feeling this morning?
John Marschall; I'm feeling a little plugged up, thank you. Terrie nault; You seem to be taking turns on that. I hope
you're feeling better. John Marschall; I hope to be better by next time. Terrie Nault; What's
up first this morning? John Marschall; Terrie, it's a matter of life and breath,
as a matter of fact. Terrie Nault; John, are we going to be talking about smoking? John Marschall; We're not going
to be talking about smoking, but some good friends of ours are. Dr. Joe Crowley,
Vice President Bob Carell, Dr. Pacita Manolo, and northern Nevada Chairman of
the Great American Smokeout, Bob Rusk. We're all going to be talking about the
need to quit smoking on November 15th, for that day or, perhaps, forever. Bob Rusk; It's my
pleasure to introduce Dr. Pacita Manolo Sears, who is a associate
professor Doctor of Laboratory Medicine at the University Medical School, also
Dr. Robert Carrell, University Vice President, pleasure to have you here with
us today, and the President of the University of Nevada-Reno, Dr. Joe
Crowley. Joe, it's a pleasure to have you here. We have amongst us, a couple of
ex-smokers, a recent pipe smoker, who's not sure whether he's an ex-smoker or
not, and a happy smoker, and between this awesome group, I think we should be able
to have a good general discussion of what the Great American Smokeout is
about. It certainly could draw the attention to the general public as we
have the past three year three years to the idea of why anybody should
consider, that's a smoker, giving up smoking. Going just briefly
through some of the statistics, kind of interesting, the world tobacco
consumption, again from 1978, five million tons were produced nationwide, which
produced four point two trillion cigarettes, which is a lot of cigarettes.
Americans and those in the advanced industrial nations smoke less because of
high taxes and warnings that it is bad for your health. The world's emerging
countries are smoking more American cigarettes. Companies export under the
government Food for Peace Program. Throughout most of Africa,
vendors are required by law to sell cigarettes individually, rather than by
the pack, and some of the isolated Sudanese towns, for example, where a young
man might have an income of two-hundred a year, will spend ten cents for the right to
smoke a cigarette. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, takes the position that
they're very much against cigarette smoking. They outlaw all advertising of
cigarette smoke, of cigarettes, and they restrict special areas where smokers are
allowed to smoke. They insist that young people and health officials not smoke.
China is the world's largest producer of cigarettes, has only recently begun to
take the first steps in discouraging their young people from smoking. They, on
the other hand, are in the export business, and at a recent trade show, in
the Philippines, they displayed twelve different brands that they plan on
exporting worldwide. The Surgeon General's report came out in 1964 and
now, fifteen years later, the updated report shows us some interesting things. Smoking,
among men in the United States, has decreased significantly to remain
virtually the same among women and got up sharply with teenage girls. In fact, in
1964, teenage girls comprised about eight percent of their
population, and today they're with teenage boys at about fifteen percent, so with
thirty percent of our women smoking and forty percent of the men, it's interesting we
might just get into the general conversation here in discussion of the
effect from the standpoint, clinically. Dr. Manolo, I know that you've brought
some slides and some information regarding what a lung looks like and
what it goes through, as compared to a smoked nonsmoker. Patica Manolo; Yes, I thought that that
if the individual is aware of the normal structure of the lung, and what happens to
some of this normal structure in heavy smokers, that this would be quite helpful
in stopping from smoking and here, I've got the demonstration of
a cross section of a lung. Normally, this windpipe is lined by a certain type of epithelium,
which has this brush like structure on the surface, which we refer to as cilia
and this acts as a filter for all the foreign material and dust that are
normally inhaled by this individual, and when one coughs, all these materials that
were caught and this cilia are expelled from the lung and that prevents it from
settling down in the lower portion of the lung, and individuals who are heavy
smokers, the first thing that is affected, is this cilia, and so they're lost and so,
which means that you also lost the uh filtering capacity of this epithelium
Bob Rusk; And what about a smoker who decides, makes the decision one day to give up smoking?
Is that lung going to improve as a nonsmoker? Pacita Manolo; Uh yes, the sequence of events, is
after the loss of this cilia, eventually the whole thickness of this epithelium
is also lost and afterwards, in order to compensate, there is a regeneration of
this epithelium, but then the regenerated epithelium is a different type of
epithelium that the normal has. It is a squamous type of epithelium and it stays
like that and if this continues on, there will be an uncontrolled increase in the
number of cells and this is what gives rise to the carcinoma. There is
uncontrollable growth, both towards the lumen of the pipes, the wind pipes and
also towards the wall of the bronchus and into the lung tissue, but... Bob Rusk; So, there is a
regeneration? Pacita Manolo; Yes, that's the bad part of it, but then if you stop smoking, then these
replacement, eventually, will be towards the normal epithelium and this has been
proven. I participated in a study in Illinois, where in a cancer screening
program, where we screened about a thousand heavy smokers, no symptoms, no
signs of tumor, and then by chest x-ray and we just collected sputum from this
patient and about ninety-five percent of the heavy smokers showed some kind of change in
the cells that were extruded from this windpipes, but then the same patients
were followed through, afterwards, and they the ones that stopped smoking,
showed the normal epithelium, afterwards. Bob Rusk; What period of time afterwards
did that... Pacita Manolo; Uh, well and nor according to statistics, it takes about like about
from about three to ten years. You may show improvement depending on
what the type of injury it had done and, initially. Bob Rusk; Okay, now this is a bit of
shaking news that I'll display on this group. You probably didn't know who the
nonsmoker of the year was, this past year. It was Prince Charles from England, and
the reason for that was, that this was awarded by the National Society of
Non-smokers. He refused to allow his fellow guests to smoke until the end of
a recent dinner party. Now we'll give him all the applaud its necessary, for those
of us that are non-smokers, but bringing us right down to the bottom
line of what we're talking about here, we've got a happy smoker in the
midst. Dr. Crowley, give us your feelings on on how you deal with smokers and
non-smokers? Joe Crowley; I'm not sure that exactly about to describe me as a happy smoker.
It would be appropriate to say that I enjoy smoking, which is why it has been
so difficult for me to quit. I can recall a period in my life when I was a heavy
smoker and an unhappy smoker at the same time, and several times over, the course
of the years, made an effort to to quit the habit and succeeded for periods of
four months to six months to a year and eventually rationalized my way back into
it and finally, decided, I guess about eighteen years ago, that if I was going
to smoke I was not going to smoke very much and, so cut down to oh, I think at
that time three or four cigarettes a day. Over the years, I guess, I have gradually
worked my way up back to seven or eight. Most days, there are some days when I
exceed that. But those are cigarettes, I guess you could say, that I enjoy.
Previously, I would smoke every hour on the hour, every half hour around a half
hour, or what just couldn't wait to to light up, but didn't enjoy most of them,
so it's only in that sense you could describe me as a as a happy smoker. I'd
be delighted to quit and I have told myself and my children who pressure me
relentlessly, that one day soon I will and I still say that, whether it will
happen or not. I I don't know, but I certainly do understand that it's
unhealthy, that in part, I guess, is what has led me to cut down drastically, but
that in itself may be in danger. I mean, you may feel that since you don't smoke
much, it's not dangerous for you. I think, no doubt, to the extent you smoke, it is
it is dangerous. Bob Rusk; Dr. Carrell what's uh... Bob Carrell; I'm just looking at
Dr. Manolo's series of pictures and wondering what state my lungs are in.
I think I smoked a pipe for at least forty years, whenever I sat down, but I never I never felt that I was
addicted to smoking and I'm not, obviously, I was in one way or another
and maybe still am, although with me, it's it's a at least a considerable
measure of a nervous habit and I I have at least a recipe for stopping. I don't
know if this is going to work, but I picked up a flu virus about about a month or
six weeks ago and and couldn't say I didn't feel like smoking and, curiously,
just haven't started again and I don't know that I will. One of the the side advantages,
quite a part of whatever it's doing or not doing to my lungs, is that I
discovered that quit burning holes in my trousers, I don't have to empty tobacco
and ashes out of my pockets every evening, and and there's some advantage
in not having to collect all the materials all the time. Bob Rusk; Have there been any comments
from your family, friends? Bob Carrell; Uh oh yes. Well, in general, everyone tells me
how great it is that I've made this great sacrifice and, the fact is, that I
haven't thought much about it at all. Pacita Manolo; I understand. I understand that it only
takes one cigarette for the smoker who just quit to get back into the smoking
habits again. Is that true? Bob Carrell; I don't know. I've never smoked cigarettes. Joe Crowley; Well, in a
way it is. when I quit and I did, as I said, several times. Eventually, I would I
would pick something up, a cigar or a pipe and because those were not as
dangerous and I didn't inhale them and, so I would smoke them for a while. This
was the typical quitting experience for me. I would get to the point, usually
ended up with pipes because I just couldn't tolerate cigars nor could
my wife nor my clothes, and I thought I would end up with pipes, which have a
pleasant smell about them, I guess, and I would reach a point where I would begin
to inhale the pipe tobacco and then I would say to myself, boy that really is
dangerous because inhaling pipe tobacco is worse than inhaling cigarette tobacco,
so I'm far better off if I go back to cigarettes and that was the typical
pattern. I would then light up a cigarette. It would taste perfectly awful,
the first one, but the the the urge was reinvigorated and the first would
inevitably lead to the second which would still taste bad but not as bad as
the first and the third was better than the second and so on. I have no way of
knowing whether my experience is typical, but, I think, it likely that the first one
you take after a long period of abstaining is not going to delight you
too much, but it does do something to you psychologically or or internally, that
leads you to the next one. Bob Rusk; This is the the year the child. We've heard that many
times over and, certainly, the most successful non-smokers, the one that
never starts. I don't think I've ever talked to somebody that's really serious
about their health and well-being. It doesn't say much as you say, I really
would like to give it up, and they have mixed degrees of success in
accomplishing that. Bob Carrell; Mark Twain, remember, said it was easy, done it hundred times.
Bob Rusk; Exactly, so with the well, let's just start right
at the beginning and let me review just, there's a good little pamphlet. In fact,
out at the American Cancer Society has answers to the most often asked
questions about cigarette smoking and lung cancer. It's available here at the
local agency, but they they point out, here, the dangers for women while
pregnant, which is it's earth-shaking, just a couple of things. Recent evidence
linked smoking, while smoking while pregnant
to stillbirths, increased mortality among newborns, low birth weight is apparently
a standard sort of thing, you can find a child being smaller at the point of
coming into the world, nicotine restricts blood vessels and
breathing movements of unborn babies and women who smoke while carbon monoxide
reduces the oxygen level of their blood. So, you know, this is serious. There is no
question of that and, yet, it isn't it hard to see a lady that's obviously
pregnant smoking a cigarette and it's just as if they must not be aware. It's
difficult to deal with that. Children, in the early years in school now, your
experience at home with your kids coming home and expressing themselves. I see that
in my kids and their peers, really, they give as much problem to parents who
smoke as anybody. I think it's a good healthy trend, so it has been a
delightful opportunity for me and I appreciate very much the three of you
taking the time to join us today to discuss a subject that, Joe, you're
representing seventy-five million people here today and the rest of us in the sixty
percent or so group, will continue to deal with this problem and I think we're
making progress in the area that most people agree and that is, that we can
smoke less and we're better for it. Thank you very much.
Terrie Nault; Nevada's First Lady, Kathy
List, recently spoke to a local suroptimist group about her role as
chairperson of Nevada's International Year of the Child campaign. She talked
about what was going on in the International Year of the Child
nationwide and explained that the major concern throughout the country, is the
subject of child abuse. John Marschall; And, we have certainly sufficient reason in this
state to be concerned about the topic because statistics tell us that Nevada
has the highest rate of child abuse of any state in the Union.
Nevada Weeky wanted to address that issue and brought together some
concerned citizens, a pediatrician, a Juvenile Court Master, Assemblyman, and
professor of journalism. Nevada Weekly reporter, Norma
Lindaburgh, introduces them.
Norma Lindaburgh; Steve Coulter, Assemblyman and UNR professor of
journalism, discussed the role of local state and national programs dealing with
child abuse with Charles Springer, Juvenile Court Master of Washoe County,
and Dr. Robert Tim Benzyl, pediatrician and professor in the School of Public
Health in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota.
Steve Coulter; Doctor, Nevada ranks fourth in the nation per capita on the number of child abuse
cases. In the last two years, the number of child abuse cases have doubled in the
state to over about twenty-two hundred, I believe. Is this indicative of the trend
nationally? Robert Tim Benzyl; Yes, throughout the United States are more and more cases being
reported to child abuse. The latest national data we have, is 1977.
About three quarters of a million children have been reported for suspected child abuse
and neglect and I think the experts, who look at this, say that it is both better
reporting because of laws. There is a considerable amount of data that says
there's more abuse cases because there's more stress on families. Every time the
country goes to a recession, this puts more economic stress and some of that
frustration may come out upon the children. Steve Coulter; Of course, historically, child
abuses is nothing new. It goes back a long time. Robert Tim Benzyl; That's correct. One of my special
interests, is looking at the historical roots, and the last four thousand years,
in Western culture, has been a history, really, of abuse and neglect of children.
We've moved out of an era of infanticide for parents, actually, and condoned by
society, tell their children to return or abandoned. We saw a society respond by
orphanages, care institutions. We've gone through a period of child labor in
this country, that put children to work and finally children got more rights in those
areas, and it's kind of interesting that we're in a current phase, really starting
last hundred years of being aware in society about
abuse and neglect and, particularly, since 1961, when the term "battered child
syndrome" was coined by Dr. Kemp and Denver, kind of brought a lot of public
awareness to the issue. We created, in a way, a new kind of awareness in society
that there was an issue called child abuse in play.
Steve Coulter; Of course, child abuse is not just a problem of the family, it's a social
problem and that's where the court system comes in. Mr. Springer, you are the
Juvenile Court Master in Washoe County. How do you view the situation from your
perspective? Charles Springer; What I see, is a situation that's completely consistent with what Dr.
Tim Benzyl is saying. I'm getting, now, where I can identify children who are
accused of violent crimes before I even read their social history. I know that
these children have been abused. have been neglected. have been consciously
rejected. I think there's one point that is worthy of emphasis and that is, that
we're not necessarily restricting ourselves to physical abuse. Physical
abuse has definite consequences. It teaches violence. It lowers self-esteem.
It makes it difficult for a child to have a trusting relationship with anyone.
It makes them resist authority, but this isn't the only part of it. A
child who is rejected and constantly put down, verbal abuse emotionally abused
children, have pretty much the same type of reaction and, one way of putting it, is
that we know how to create violent criminals in this country and we're
doing a very good job of doing it and I might add this, that we're doing it on an
expanded level, that we seem to be creating more of these children, who in
turn, become parents, who again abuse their children and we have to do
something to interrupt this flow, this cycle and if we don't, we're going to have more
serious social problems than we have now. Steve Coulter; One of the interesting statistics, it's
come up in hearings before the Nevada legislative subcommittee studying child
abuse, is it there is an increased frequency of parents being abused by the
children. They abused their children when they were very young, the children grow
up to become teenagers and end up abusing the parents and I think there's
a statistic, like two thousand parents each year are killed by their own children. Charles Spring; They've
learned violence, the old expression, the father saying to his ten-year-old son,
I'll teach you to beat up on your six-year-old brother. Well, that's exactly what
he's doing, is teaching violence and I think, from my perspective, this type of
violence, I'm talking about excessive abuse, physically and emotionally. I am
seeing a lot more of it than I would have thought was present, had I not had
the opportunity to be sitting on the juvenile court. Robert Tim Benzyl; I think our dimensions of
it are changing constantly, which is confusing to the lay public, is that we
have a [inaudible] called child abuse, which is now related to the whole question of
battered wife syndrome and battered husbands.
People are looking at the elderly, the fact that the elderly can become victims
of abuse or verbal abuse, also, so that we have a widening dimension, now. Some
people call this whole field inter family violence. It takes place in the
family and so the other big issue, is the sexual area. We've talked about long term
outcomes, physically, I think that people, there's a huge toll we take
psychologically. People are starting to correlate one or thirty percent of the population
mentally ill and, again, it goes back to these some of these same factors of
trusting other people, knowing what's right and what's wrong,
how do you behave in a society. They may all have common roots in abuse and
neglect of children. Steve Coulter; And, Nevada, one statistic has come that a hundred and
forty children that are in the two state children's homes, twenty percent of those
have been sexually or physically abused, which would indicate the longest trend.
Charles Springer; I would think the figure would be higher. Steve Coulter; So, what's the solution?
Robert Tim Benzyl; What's the solution? Very tough question. Where I'm coming from, is a public health
approach, that prevention is better than cure. I think that public awareness to
the issues, public discussion of the issues, support services to intervene in
those families that have problems, a society giving people permission to say
I am an abuser. I need help, It's like AA. We have groups called "Parents Anonymous",
or cope. How do we help parents to take advantage of these kind of self-help
groups? How the systems relate. How do social services relate and
I think one of the important things that needs to be mentioned, that most of the
case reports in a community come from friends, relatives, and neighbors. They
know what's going on inside the family, that the Welfare Department. There is a
number you can call if you have a concern and I think that's important to
realize, you know, to bring it out in the open and deal it, same way we dealt with
alcohol. We didn't keep alcohol in the closet, we brought it out, we discussed it,
we developed treatment programs and preventive programs, so I think alcohol
model is a good model to look at for a community and there's a whole wide range
of services that need to be coordinated within the community. Steve Coulter; Saying coming out
of the closet, that's not an easy thing to do. How does a person say, hey I'm a
bad parent. I don't know how to take care of my children and come out publicly.
Robert Tim Benzyl; Well, it's what we did with alcohol. I mean, if you look back fifty years ago, nobody would say
I'm having trouble with alcohol or I'm having any kinds of problems and, we know,
we rounded that corner and I do see parents, now, who do have permission to
say, I've had some difficulty. I think the general society cannot punish parents. I
mean, if we take the attitude of punishing parents, that there's a lot of
professionals, including myself, who say, well how much am I going to report cases
if our physician is not one of support, generally, of support. Now, you cross the
line where the abuse goes bad and there needs to be, you know, further legal
intervention, obviously, in families, but in general, most of the cases of child
abuse and neglect can be handled within the family with good support services.
Steve Coulter; Mr. Springer, how do you see a problem? Charles Springer; Well, I see I would trace a lot of this to
ignorance on the part of parents, of the terrible toll that's being taken by the
abuse of children and not only are we creating criminals, we're creating a lot
of maladjusted unhappy people and I prefer to think that if a lot of these
parents knew how destructive they were being to their own children, they they
might change. I believe with Dr. Tim Benzyl, first in
prevention by education, by early intervention. I believe that we should
use the mass media, television, maybe simulcast so everyone has to pay
attention, maybe parenting courses, but now, we
finally have the means to know the terrible mistakes that we're making in
child raising and I don't think that this knowledge is being adequately
communicated to the public, and I would like to see at least that done. That's
that's feasible. That doesn't cost a lot of money. Steve Coulter; If you have information dealing
with child abuse in Washoe County, the number to call will be seven eight five
five six one one. That's the Washoe County Welfare Department.
Terrie Nault; Two lectures on November 13th and December 11th also address the topic of child abuse and
they are sponsored by the Center for Religion and Life and the National
Council of Juvenile and Family Court judges. Both lectures will be held at the
Judicial College Building. Bob Rusk; I'm Bob Rusk, Chairman of the Great American Smokeout
November 15. I'd like to introduce you to my friend, Oscar. I think it's quite
obvious that Oscar would never quit. On the other hand, it's my pleasure to
introduce to you the mayors of Reno and Sparks, Mayor's Bennett and Player.
They've agreed to join us November 15th by giving up smoking, signing the pledge,
and throwing their cigarettes out. Won't you the smoking public of Washoe County
consider November 15, throwing out your weed and accepting the challenge of no
more smoking? John Marschall; We hope you join us again, two weeks from this morning, same time,
same place, KOLO TV - Reno. Terrie Nault; John and I wish you a beautiful day.
[Music]
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